Finance-Annuities Speech or Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Account Annuities - Speech or Presentation Example 9. Swim Ellis purchases a vehicle forâ $15,002.71. He puts 10% down and gets a straightforward intrigue amortized credit for the parity atâ 12â andâ 1/2%â interest for a long time. Following three years and two months of making the base regularly scheduled installment, he sells his vehicle. Locate the unpaid parity on his credit. (Round every single middle of the road computation to the closest penny. Round the response to the closest penny.) 10. Four applicants, Harrison (H), Lennon (L), McCartney (M), and Starr (S), are running for territorial administrator. After the surveys close, positioned polling forms are counted, and the outcomes are summed up in the table. Utilize the majority technique for casting a ballot to decide the victor. 11. The directors of Prints Alive (a neighborhood silk-screening business) are arranging a gathering for theirâ 44â employees. There are three potential areas for the gathering: the distribution center (W), the recreation center (P), or the sea shore (B). The representatives are approached to rank these decisions arranged by inclination, and the outcomes are summed up in the table. Utilize the moment spillover strategy to decide the champ. 12. The supervisors of Prints Alive (a nearby silk-screening business) are arranging a gathering for theirâ 40â employees. There are three potential areas for the gathering: the distribution center (W), the recreation center (P), or the sea shore (B). The workers are approached to rank these decisions arranged by inclination, and the outcomes are summed up in the table. Utilize the Borda tally technique to decide the

The Age of Innocence by Edith Wharton Journal

The Age of Innocence by Edith Wharton Journal The battle between the individual and the general public is one of the principle topics in The Age of Innocence by Edith Wharton. During the entire conversation, the creator attempts to make a logical inconsistency between one individual and the general public from various points. In any case, there is one curious viewpoint that ought to be pointed at.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on â€Å"The Age of Innocence† by Edith Wharton Journal explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Medora Manson, Agathon Carver, Emerson Sillerton, and Ned Winsett are the bohemian characters who show up in the novel The Age of Innocence by Edith Wharton. The principle thought of such appearances is to show the distinctions in the general public. The time talked about in the novel is described by the sharp contrasts between various nations, layers of populace, and so forth. To show the distinction among Europe and America the creator embeds an auntie, Medora Manson, who took Ellen to Europe when she was a youngster. Being raised in another nation her arrival to America assists with seeing the distinction in sees. Perusing the novel, it is conceivable to see that much of the time the comparable class is appeared. There is no lower class or the center one. All things considered, the presence of the columnist, Ned Winsett, who is from an alternate group of friends, is significant. This part in the novel causes a peruser to get the entire circumstance in the general public. Much consideration is paid to conversation of one specific class of individuals who delineate one group of friends. Be that as it may, it is essential to ensure that the peruser comprehends the time which is thought of and can see the entire picture (Bloom 169). The presence of these few characters causes the peruser to get the fundamental data and make fitting inferences. These little scenes are the main ones which are made for making a logical inconsistency among classes and indi viduals as the structures. In different cases an individual is stood up to the entire society. Whartons portrayal of the demi-monde gives us an incomplete vision of the city which disregards the genuine presence of underclasses. The creator needed to show the showdown of individuals of indeed the very same class, to introduce the distinctions which exist in the general public at indeed the very same level. The nearness of the various classes could prompt misconception of the topic in the novel. In any case, the writer expected to introduce the time he portrays to ensure the peruser can comprehend the entire picture.Advertising Looking for article on american writing? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The bohemian characters that show up are significant thusly. Be that as it may, the primary thought the creator needed to introduce is the issues which existed in one group of friends. The battle of one individual against the ent ire society is actually what the issue is and the creator of the content could underline this issue just by methods for introducing just a single society. The numbness of the underclasses is purposeful as those classes are a bit much in introducing the contention the creator portrays. Perusing the novel, it is conceivable to comprehend the extraordinary contrast among American and European social orders. American culture is excessively moderate. Individuals in that society can't see how it is conceivable to flee from a spouse, how it is conceivable to have such an embarrassment notoriety as Ellen Olenska has and still show up in the general public, have a typical existence and express close to home perspective, disappointment with a husband and his choice. The distinction of the European and American social orders might be seen through Ellen Olenska and May Welland. These two ladies are raised in various social orders and they have completely various methods of conduct. Ellen Olensk a has chosen to leave her better half and how has an affection illicit relationship with another man, who has a spouse. In the event that Ellen Olenska became more acquainted with that her significant other has a sweetheart ought to would leave without thinking about the outcomes. Be that as it may, May Welland a spouse of that man demonstrations totally extraordinary. Family is everything for her and she is prepared to secure her family utilizing every single imaginable mean. Monitoring the husband’s selling out, May Welland doesn't leave the nation searching for assurance, she does all conceivable to persuade Ellen Olenska that she is pregnant and she is to leave. At that point, when she comprehends that her better half is going to leave her, she says him regarding her pregnancy (Wharton 305). A man in that society can't leave a lady with a youngster alone. That is the reason, he remains. The distinction in conduct, perspectives and the thought of life are self-evident. Ame rican culture reflected through the fundamental characters May Welland and Newland Archer is stood up to the European one introduced by Ellen Olenska and her significant other Polish Count Olenski, an European aristocrat. The distinction in vision of the family is obvious.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on â€Å"The Age of Innocence† by Edith Wharton Journal explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Americans regard the foundation of a family and do all conceivable to monitor their connections, while Europeans don't regard family as something hallowed. That is the reason they have issues, embarrassments, and so forth. The social, social and different contrasts might be finished the connection to the family by the characters referenced previously. Blossom, Harold. Edith Whartons The Age of Innocence. New York: Infobase Publishing, 2005. Print. Wharton, Edith. The Age of Innocence. New York: Forgotten Books, 2010. Print.

Understanding Acupuncture for Depression

Understanding Acupuncture for Depression Holistic Health Print Understanding Acupuncture for Depression By Arlin Cuncic Arlin Cuncic, MA, is the author of Therapy in Focus: What to Expect from CBT for Social Anxiety Disorder and 7 Weeks to Reduce Anxiety. Learn about our editorial policy Arlin Cuncic Updated on September 30, 2019 Getty / Jillian Doughty More in Self-Improvement Holistic Health Happiness Meditation Stress Management Spirituality Inspiration Brain Health Technology Relationships View All In This Article Table of Contents Expand What Is Depression? What Is Acupuncture? Possible Side Effects Acupuncture in Practice Research Is Acupuncture for Me? View All Back To Top Acupuncture for depression has increasingly become the subject of research studies both in the East and the West. While theres little consensus about whether acupuncture has an important place in the treatment of depression, its also true that its a really hard treatment to investigate empirically. For this reason, most existing research is of low quality (from a meta-analysis perspective). In other words, its really hard to know whether acupuncture has much of an effect on depression, beyond what we already know can be achieved from medication, therapy, or a combination of the two. However, acupuncture continues to grow in popularity, particularly in the East, and so it deserves proper attention as a potential treatment for depression, especially for those for whom other methods have failed. What Is Depression As a quick summary, depression is an illness characterized by certain symptoms, and not just sadness or the blues. The most common symptoms are listed below: losing interest in our usual activitieshaving negative thoughts and worrying about the futurefeeling irritable, tired, or agitatedbeing unable to sleep or sleeping too muchfeeling hopeless about the futurehaving thoughts of suicide While depression is most commonly treated with medication, therapy, or a combination of the two, increasingly complementary treatments are being used and sought out by persons with depression. What Is Acupuncture? Acupuncture is a technique based on traditional Chinese medicine that involves unblocking channels of energy (also known as Qi) that are thought to reside within the body. Chinese medicine regards the mind and body as interacting together, such that what you feel in your mind can have a physical impact on your body. Emotions are represented by five different elements as follows: Fear (Water)Anger (Wood)Happiness (Fire)Worry (Earth)Grief (Metal) Its believed that these have an effect on internal organs, which are thought of as either yin or yang. Each organ is thought to correspond to a certain emotion. For example, the liver is thought to correspond to the emotion of anger. Having feelings of anger could cause trouble to your liver, and a blocked flow to your liver could also result in you feeling angry, according to Chinese Medicine and acupuncture. In order to rid you of congestion, where energy gets stuck, acupuncture clears the meridians in your body to allow Qi to freely move about. This is accomplished in practice by inserting fine needles into certain points of your body, that are thought to correspond to the meridians and connect to your organs. Understanding Emotions in Traditional Chinese Medicine Possible Side Effects of Acupuncture While the side effects of acupuncture are rare, its important to realize that they do exist. Below are lists of both the mild and serious side effects that can result. Using only a certified professional for acupuncture reduces the risk of side effects. Potential Mild Side Effects The following side effects may be seen at the site where the needles were inserted: itchinessallergic reactionfeeling sorebleeding or bruising Muscle twitching and feeling tired or drowsy are other potential side effects. Rare Serious Side Effects The following side effects are rare but possible: spinal injuryinfectionrespiratory problemscardiac problems This would generally result from improper administration of acupuncture and is why it is important to receive it from a trained professional. How Acupuncture for Depression Is Practiced How does acupuncture for depression work? The acupuncturist will insert needles into certain points of your body that are thought to connect to the negative emotions that you are having. The needles are thought to fix blocked energy or imbalances in your body, which will also influence your mind. This process is something you would receive once a week or several times a week depending on your individual situation. Below is a list of some of the points that might be used to relieve depression symptoms. Each of these corresponds to a certain point on your body: Guanyuan (CV4): lower backQihai (CV6): below the navelZhongwan (CV12): over the middle of the stomachHegu (L14): on the handMaster of Heart 6 (MH6): underside of wristYanglingquan (GB34): on the legZusanli (ST36): below the kneeTaixi (K13): on the ankleShugu (BL65): So, after your acupuncturist has inserted needles in the identified locations, you would lie still on a table in a peaceful setting, such as with music playing, aromatherapy, and mood lighting. Its not hard to imagine that this might make you feel better, regardless of whether the science behind acupuncture is valid. In fact, the state after receiving acupuncture has been referred to as acubliss. Research on Acupuncture for Depression While there are numerous studies on the effectiveness of acupuncture for depression, the quality of these studies sometimes comes into question. This isnt because researchers dont want to properly investigate acupuncture, but rather that its really hard to set up a proper study to test this treatment without some sort of bias getting in the way. Below are some of the potential sources of bias and why they may be a problem for acupuncture in particular. difficulty creating an adequate control condition (i.e., its hard to fake acupuncture)difficulty blinding patients and practitioners (i.e., the acupuncturist will know if they are doing the treatment or not)problem of reporting bias (i.e., studies in the east are more likely to show positive findings than studies in the West)problem that acupuncture has a strong placebo effect (so any real smaller effect may be hard to detect) So, what constitutes a strong research study on acupuncture for depression? It should have the following qualities: include an adequate control groupaccount for the placebo effecttake into account blindingreplicate results across different locations Acupuncture for Depression Research: A Review Study Rather than consider the results of individual studies, here we will take a look at the findings of one large review study that included 64 studies and 7104 participants. What that study showed was that most of the studies included in the review were at risk for various kinds of bias (e.g., detection bias, selection bias, reporting bias, etc.) However, there was low-quality evidence suggesting that acupuncture could moderately reduce the severity of depression compared to no treatment, waitlist, or treatment as usual. When compared with sham acupuncture, it was shown that there was a small reduction in the severity of depression. This suggests that acupuncture may have more of an effect beyond just as a placebo for depression. Compared to medication, there was low-quality evidence of a small benefit, which varied by type of medication and the mode of acupuncture (regular vs. electro). Finally, when compared with psychological therapy, the results were unclear. No conclusions could be drawn about evidence of an effect beyond that observed for psychological therapy for depression. In addition, few of the studies conducted follow-ups or studied other variables such as quality of life, which are important in depression research. Western Research on Acupuncture and Stress Meanwhile, there does seem to be evidence of the effectiveness of acupuncture in terms of blocking stress hormones and the stress response. This may be because the needles activate natural painkillers in the brain in the form of endorphins. Is Acupuncture for Depression Right for Me? Are you still not sure whether acupuncture for depression is right for you? Here are some factors to consider: Can you afford it or will the cost of it be covered by a health plan for you?Do you have time to attend sessions on a regular basis?Are you open to the experience and willing to accept potential benefits from it?Is there a certified professional that you can receive it from? (If you arent sure where to look, consider asking for a referral from your doctor or other allied professional such as a registered massage therapist. Check their credentials and training before you sign anything).Have you exhausted other traditional avenues of treatment for depression or are you looking for something to complement other treatments?Have you spoken to your doctor about your desire to receive acupuncture? Based on your answers to these questions, you should develop a better understanding as to whether it is right for you. A Word From Verywell Acupuncture for depression is an alternative therapy that has received only modest research support. This healing therapy based on ancient Chinese Medicine appears to show a small benefit for those with depression. If you are considering receiving this treatment, be sure that you contact a registered professional with proper training. The 7 Best Online Help Resources for Depression

Battle of San Juan Hill in the Spanish-American War

The Battle of San Juan Hill was fought on July 1, 1898, during the Spanish-American War (1898). With the beginning of the conflict in April 1898, leaders in Washington, DC began planning for the invasion of Cuba. Moving forward later that spring, American forces landed in the southern part of the island near the city of Santiago de Cuba. Advancing west, plans were made for capturing the San Juan Heights which overlooked the city and harbor. Moving forward on July 1, Major General William R. Shafters men launched an assault on the heights. In heavy fighting, which included a charge by the famed 1st US Volunteer Cavalry (The Rough Riders), the position was taken. Consolidating around Santiago, Shafter and his Cuban allies commenced a siege of the city which ultimately fell on July 17. Background After landing in late June at Daiquirà ­ and Siboney, Shafters US V Corps pushed west towards the port of Santiago de Cuba. After fighting an indecisive clash at Las Guasimas on June 24, Shafter prepared to assault the heights around the city. While 3,000-4,000 Cuban insurgents, under General Calixto Garcà ­a Ià ±iguez blocked the roads to the north and prevented the city from being reinforced, the Spanish commander, General Arsenio Linares, elected to spread his 10,429 men across Santiagos defenses rather than focus against the American threat (Map). The American Plan Meeting with his division commanders, Shafter instructed Brigadier General Henry W. Lawton to take his 2nd Division north to capture the Spanish strong point at El Caney. Claiming that he could take the town in two hours, Shafter told him to do so then return south to join in the attack on the San Juan Heights. While Lawton was assaulting El Caney, Brigadier General Jacob Kent would advance towards the heights with the 1st Division, while Major General Joseph Wheelers Cavalry Division would deploy to the right. Upon returning from El Caney, Lawton was to form on Wheelers right and the entire line would attack. As the operation moved forward, both Shafter and Wheeler fell ill. Unable to lead from the front, Shafter directed operation from his headquarters via his aides and telegraph. Moving forward early on July 1, 1898, Lawton commenced his attack on El Caney around 7:00 AM. To the south, Shafters aides established a command post atop El Pozo Hill and American artillery rolled into place. Below, the Cavalry Division, fighting dismounted due to a lack of horses, moved forward across the Aguadores River towards their jumping off point. With Wheeler disabled, it was led by Brigadier General Samuel Sumner (Map). Armies Commanders Americans Major General William R. ShafterMajor General Joseph Wheeler15,000 men, 4,000 guerillas, 12 guns, 4 Gatling guns Spanish General Arsenio Linares800 men, 5 guns Casualties American - 1,240 (144 killed, 1,024 wounded, 72 missing)Spanish - 482 (114 killed, 366 wounded, 2 captured) Fighting Begins Pushing forward, American troops experienced harassing fire from Spanish snipers and skirmishers. Around 10:00 AM, the guns on El Pozo opened fire on the San Juan Heights. Reaching the San Juan River, the cavalry waded across, turned right, and began forming their lines. Behind the cavalry, the Signal Corps launched a balloon which spotted another trail that could be used by Kents infantry. While the bulk of Brigadier General Hamilton Hawkins 1st Brigade had passed the new trail, Colonel Charles A. Wikoffs brigade was diverted to it. Encountering Spanish snipers, Wikoff was mortally wounded. In short order, the next two officers in line to lead the brigade were lost and command devolved to Lieutenant Colonel Ezra P. Ewers. Arriving to support Kent, Ewers men fell into line, followed by Colonel E.P. Pearsons 2nd Brigade which took a position on the extreme left and also provided the reserve. For Hawkins, the objective of the assault was a blockhouse atop the heights, while the cavalry was to capture a lower rise, Kettle Hill, before attacking San Juan. Delays Though American forces were in a position to attack, the did not advance as Shafter was awaiting Lawtons return from El Caney. Suffering through intense tropical heat, the Americans were taking casualties from Spanish fire. As men were hit, parts of the San Juan River valley were dubbed Hells Pocket and Bloody Ford. Among those irritated by the inaction was Lieutenant Colonel Theodore Roosevelt, commanding the 1st US Volunteer Cavalry (The Rough Riders). After absorbing enemy fire for some time, Lieutenant Jules G. Ord of Hawkins staff asked his commander for permission to lead the men forward. The Americans Strike After some discussion, a cautious Hawkins relented and Ord led the brigade into the attack supported by a battery of Gatling guns. Having been rallied to the field by the sound of the guns, Wheeler officially gave Kent the order to attack before returning to the cavalry and telling Sumner and his other brigade commander, Brigadier General Leonard Wood, to advance. Moving forward, Sumners men formed the first line, while Woods (including Roosevelt) comprised the second. Pushing forward, the lead cavalry units reached a road halfway up Kettle Hill and paused. Pushing on, several officers, including Roosevelt called for a charge, surged forward, and overran the positions on Kettle Hill. Consolidating their position, the cavalry provided supporting fire to the infantry which was moving up the heights towards the blockhouse. Reaching the foot of the heights, Hawkins and Ewers men discovered that the Spanish had erred and placed their trenches on the topographical rather than the military crest of the hill. As a result, they were unable to see or shoot at the attackers. Taking San Juan Hill Scrambling up the steep terrain, the infantry paused near the crest, before pouring over and driving out the Spanish. Leading the attack, Ord was killed as entered the trenches. Swarming around the blockhouse, American troops finally captured it after entering through the roof. Falling back the Spanish occupied a secondary line of trenches to the rear. Arriving on the field, Pearsons men moved forward and secured a small hill on the American left flank. Atop Kettle Hill, Roosevelt attempted to lead an attack forward against San Juan but was followed by only five men. Returning to his lines, he met with Sumner and was given permission to take the men forward. Storming forward, the cavalrymen, including the African-American Buffalo Soldiers of the 9th and 10th Cavalry, broke through lines of barbed wire and cleared the heights to their front. Many sought to pursue the enemy to Santiago and had to be recalled. Commanding the extreme right of the American line, Roosevelt was soon reinforced by infantry and repulsed a half-hearted Spanish counterattack. Aftermath The storming of the San Juan Heights cost the Americans 144 killed and 1,024 wounded, while the Spanish, fighting on the defensive, lost only 114 dead, 366 wounded, and 2 captured. Concerned that the Spanish could shell the heights from the city, Shafter initially ordered Wheeler to fall back. Assessing the situation, Wheeler instead ordered the men to entrench and be prepared to hold the position against attack. The capture of the heights compelled the Spanish fleet in the harbor to attempt a breakout on July 3, which led to their defeat at the Battle of Santiago de Cuba. American and Cuban forces next began a siege of the city which finally fell on July 17 (Map).

The Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman - 1423 Words

The terms â€Å"social status† and â€Å"influence† are two that go hand in hand. When one is given a high ranking on the social ladder, they are also given influence, a powerful tool that can be used for good, but also as a weapon if mishandled (which it often is). Many things in society make up social status and can also be found to have a direct relationship with influence, including wealth, sex, age, profession, education, and even race. In the short story â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, this correlation and abuse of influence is portrayed through an inside look into the deteriorating mind of a woman whose life is being controlled by her influential, high in social status husband. Although he believes that he is doing the†¦show more content†¦Even most college professors hold a doctoral degree. Society regards anyone with the title of â€Å"doctor† to a much higher standard than anyone else. An excellent example of thi s is in Gilman’s story, in which a doctor (who is also her husband) diagnoses her with hysteria and prescribes her a treatment of solitude. Although she believes otherwise, she must listen to her husband for two reasons: he is male and he is a doctor, two titles that deem him to have more influence than she does. However, this â€Å"treatment† only makes matters worse and her condition proceeds to decline throughout the course of the text. The concept of solitude was at that time known as the â€Å"rest cure.† It was recommended that women diagnosed with the condition of hysteria be isolated from anything that may set them off. In the story, the main character was not allowed to leave the room much, if at all. However, instead of curing her, it drove her crazy. This deterioration of her health can easily be compared to Michael Foucauld’s idea of panopticism. Panopticism was based off a real structure known as the panopticon. In the eighteenth century, it was a prison laid out in such a way that the prisoners could be seen, yet could not see whom it was that was looking at them. Similar in concept to the two-way mirror used in police stations, the prisoners knew that they were being watched, but could not see it for themselves. The

Possible Community Health Hesi Topics Free Essays

Potential Community Health HESI Topic Areas These are some additional areas you may want to considering being familiar with: Ancathosis nigricans A skin condition characterized by dark, thick, velvety skin in body folds and creases. Most often, acanthosis nigricans affects your armpits, groin and neck. There’s no specific treatment for acanthosis nigricans † but treating any underlying conditions, such as diabetes and obesity, may cause the changes in your skin changes to fade Characteristics of acanthosis nigricans include: Skin changes. We will write a custom essay sample on Possible Community Health Hesi Topics or any similar topic only for you Order Now Skin changes are the only signs of acanthosis nigricans. You’ll notice dark, thick, velvety skin in body folds and creases † typically in your armpits, groin and neck. Sometimes the lips, palms or soles of the feet are affected as well. Slow progression. The skin changes appear slowly, sometimes over months or years. Possible itching. Rarely, the affected areas may itch. Acanthosis nigricans is often associated with conditions that increase your insulin level, such as type 2 diabetes or being overweight. If your insulin level is too high, the extra insulin may trigger activity in your skin cells. This may cause the characteristic kin changes. Question pertained to nurse checking for lice and noticing dark patch of skin on neck. Advisor role Antepartum – risk factors Anthrax incubation and exposure Assess trends and patterns Assessing income Assessment – validation Assignments – home care; Make sure students know how to prioritize home health clients (i. e. which ones to see/call back first. ) When given the choice between a patient with COPD who is short of breath, a terminally ill pt who refuses to eat or drink, or a pt with congestive heart failure who has gained 3 lbs, choose the last one. Asthma triage Battering-communication If the question pertains to a nurse suspecting a female patient has been abused and the woman has her child in the room with her, the nurse should ask the child to leave the room and question the woman about the abuse. The question does not pe rtain to the child being abused. Breast cancer-risk (who is at greatest risk) Calculate rate – population COBRA-cost (client still has to pay for expenses) When the question asks what would be a concern for a person who has lost their Job but has COBRA, the answer is paying for health care/expenses. Communicable disease (pertussis) Community – assessment Community Assessment – TB Community data source Community education – evaluate Community resource – elderly Community resources-population age Community resources – rural Community strategies – mental deficiencies Cultural competence Cultural -lactose intolerant Cultural – Native American (Native Americans are at high risk for diabetes – have the highest rates, so the nurse needs to screen for and educate about this). Culturally sensitive teaching CV disease – African American Diabetes AIC If a nurse is working in a community with high rates of diabetes and implements a rogram, at the end of 1 year (or whatever evaluation period is stated) the nurse will want to evaluate hemoglobin A1 C levels to determine effectiveness of program. Disaster – Cholera (Priority for treating those with cholera: fluid and electrolytes) Disaster- Professional Disaster – red tag triage Disaster planning Disaster Preparedness – START Disaster triage – color system Elder abuse-Home setting Elder health – assessment Employee health Epidemiological triad host Epidemiological triad agent Fall in home Family assistance – ophthalmic meds Family ecomap Flu vaccine-priority Gatekeeper Genetic risk – assessment Geriatrics – home nutrition Geriatric syndrome – home health GTD-hCG values Health Promotion Program – Planning Heart healthy diet – limit Heat stroke If an adolescent is playing sports at school and goes to the school nurse with red, dry skin and other symptoms of heat stroke, the first thing the nurse should do is call for emergency personnel (not assess). Hepatitis A – risk Hep B vaccine – pregnancy Hepatovax B allergy Home care referral Home Health – Management Home health – PT Home safety – post arthroplasty Hypertension-BP measure Immunize – 3rd world country Immunization rates Increase vaccination rates Infant mortality rate Influenza -prophylactic Relenza Lillian Wald – Henry Street (she established the Henry Street Settlement) Lipid screening Long-term care-infection Long-term car – fall prevention Meals-on-wheels Medicare Menomune vaccine Migrant worker risks Morbidity data – gather Morbidity data-glaucoma If a nurse is working with an elderly population and most of them are choosing to get a surgery that will CURE glaucoma, then the nurse will be concerned with assessing revalence of glaucoma (not morbidity). Needs assessment Neighborhood safe houses Neuman model – line of defense Obese children-parent involvement Occupational health – smoking Occupational nurse practitioner role Oral contraceptives – smokers Osteoporosis – prevention Outcome evaluation Polypharmacy – GERI Post vaccination teaching Primary prevention – adolescents Primary prevention – WIC Priority – HF lab results Program goal setting ty Care – nursing nome Quality Care – public clinic management Quality health – bicycle safety Rash with fever – PEDI (chicken pox) Ritalin evaluation – adolescent Assessing intervention with ADHD in an adolescent: get their feedback on improvement, as their self-esteem is priority School age screen (obesity) School nurse role If an adolescent comes to a school nurse and tells her she is pregnant, the nurse will want to implement measures to ensure the teen and her baby are healthy. These things include referral to prenatal care, encouraging prenatal vitamins, etc. The nurse will NOT tell the parents and things like arranging childcare or teaching breastfeeding are not something the school nurse will be involved in. creening – DM – PEDI Screening priority Question regarding hypothyroidism and the nurse recognizes that mental dysfunction is a long-term consequence. What is screening priority? Answers included screening for T3 in preschoolers or children (? ), iodine screening in people over 60, TSH in women over 45, and T4 in newborns. The answer is T4 in newborns. Seat belt safety-adolescents Secondary prevention – tobacco Secondary prevention – children Sensitivity of tests Social organization Stakeholder If a community health nurse is going into a community to try to develop or implement n intervention, remember one of the key things he/she must do is form a relationship with someone who would be identified as the stakeholder. Stakeholders will be someone who is invested in the health of the community and will be invested in the program to be implemented. They will be vital in the nurse gaining access into the community, the success of the program, and ensuring the sustainability of the program. STD-Reporting If an adolescent goes to the health dept and is diagnosed with chlamydia, the nurse must report this. It is a reportable disease that is monitored by the state and the CDC, and the disease intervention specialist must be informed to do contact tracing. How to cite Possible Community Health Hesi Topics, Papers

Maxwell Mc Ilvaine Essays (296 words) - Landscape, Garden

Maxwell Mc Ilvaine Period 2 SAE Project Report This ye ar s project was different from last years because I was the only one that was tending my garden. I also bought all the supplies, planted my garden and took my garden out when I was done with my project. I learned the different plants that you grow in the season because last year I had a s pring garden and this year I had a fall garden. I learned that tending a fall garden is not that different than tending to a spring one. I enjoyed the outcome of the produce that I got from my lettuce and I disliked the fact that I was made to water my garden even though it was raining. What I was successful in was planting my garden and setting up the chicken wire around it. What I failed in was removing the lettuce. It was very dirty and I do n o t think I removed it from the stems properly. I did n o t really have any significant problems with my garden plot other than sometimes I would n o t have time to water them or the line was to long for me to wait. I tried to water my garden in the morning because before school there usually aren't any lines and I have the time before class to water them. I would have changed my plant into something that would have been growing below ground rather than growing above ground. I also would have like to change where my garden is and put it closer to a hose. What I plan for next year is that I will do another fall garden and perhaps try to grow something that grows underground.

The Top 6 Things You Should Never Sacrifice For Any Job

The Top 6 Things You Should Never Sacrifice For Any Job We all want that same astronomic rise to the top. But there are a few standards we should not be willing to compromise in the interests of success. Here are 6 examples of things not worth sacrificing on the altar of the corporate ladder. Your BackboneDon’t let yourself be abused, ridiculed, belittled, or harassed. There are plenty of systems in place to protect employees from these sorts of things. Show that you have a little backbone and some unflappable dignity and take advantage of them. At very least, you’ll be helping to ensure the next person doesn’t suffer similar maltreatment.Your SoulIt’s not all about the Benjamins. Success won’t be worth much if you’ve sold your soul to get it. Remember that your self worth is not tied to the size of your paycheck, or the fanciness of your car or your apartment. Not everyone can have a private jet. If you’re ever tempted to do something mercenary just to get paid, don’t. Take the high road instead. You can’t buy happiness. And once you spend your integrity, it’s very hard to build it back.Your Self-RespectIt’s important to fit in to your workplace culture, and to espouse the kinds of values your bosses emphasize. But doing something that feels wrong or abhorrent in any way to you just because you feel it’s what’s expected of you? That sucks. If you start to hate yourself for conforming to the questionable standards of others, then start looking for another job. Staying isn’t worth it.  Your IntegrityYour values are important. Shedding them out the window on your way to the top of the heap? Lame. Loyalty, honesty, empathy, graciousness†¦ these are important things that probably helped get you where you are. Protect them at all costs.If you have a hard time figuring this one out, make a list of the values most important to you and tack it up somewhere you will see it often. If you ever feel in danger of compromising any one of them, stop what you’re doing and re-strategize. When you still like yourself at 80, you’ll be glad you did.Your HealthIn the savage quest to succeed, it’s so easy to give up on all the so-called creature comforts like whole, healthy foods, nutrition, exercise, sleep, self-care. The list goes on. Take stock of your health and then do a thorough realigning of your habits. What good is success if you’re too exhausted, depleted, depressed to enjoy it? A work-life balance is important and will keep you fresher and sharper longer.Your PurposeYou’re so busy trying to get to the top of the next horizon that 5 or 10 years have gone by and you don’t remember why you went in this direction with such tenacity in the first place. Remember to have a bigger goal- your calling, if you will- and keep that goal in sight. Try and make every move somehow in service of this greater dream. Ask yourself where you want to be in 25 or 50 years, and make sure you’re taking steps, however incremental, to get there.

Washington College Admissions and Acceptance Rate

Washington College Admissions and Acceptance Rate Only around half of those who apply to Washington College are accepted. Learn more about the admissions requirements and what it takes to go to this college. About Washington College Founded in 1782 under the patronage of George Washington, Washington College has a long and rich history. The college was recently awarded a chapter of Phi Beta Kappa for its many strengths in the liberal arts and sciences. The Center for Environment Society, the C. V. Starr Center for the Study of the American Experience, and the Rose O’Neill Literary House are all valuable resources for supporting undergraduate education. Popular majors include Business Administration, Economics, English, Biology, and Psychology. Washington Colleges location in scenic Chestertown, Maryland, provides students with opportunities to explore the Chesapeake Bay watershed and the Chester River. On the athletic front, the Washington College Shoremen and Shorewomen compete in the NCAA Division III Centennial Conference. The college fields seven mens and nine womens varsity sports. Popular sports include basketball, soccer, swimming, tennis, and rowing. The college also has a co-ed sailing team. Will you get in if you apply? Calculate your chances of getting in with this free tool from Cappex. Admissions Data (2016) Washington College Acceptance Rate: 49  percentWashington College has test-optional admissionsGPA, SAT and ACT Graph for Washington CollegeWhat these SAT numbers meanTop Maryland colleges SAT comparisonWhat these ACT numbers meanTop Maryland colleges ACT comparison Enrollment (2016) Total Enrollment: 1,479  (all undergraduates)Gender Breakdown: 44 percent Male / 56 percent Female99  percent Full-time Costs (2016-17) Tuition and Fees: $43,842Books: $850 (why so much?)Room and Board: $10,824Other Expenses: $2,990Total Cost: $58,506 Washington College Financial Aid (2015-16) Percentage of New Students Receiving Aid: 98  percentPercentage of New Students Receiving Types of AidGrants: 98 percentLoans: 62 percentAverage Amount of AidGrants: $25,533Loans: $7,671 Academic Programs Most Popular Majors:  Biology, Business Administration, Economics, English, Environmental Studies, History, Political Science, Psychology, Environmental StudiesWhat major is right for you?  Sign up to take the free My Careers and Majors Quiz at Cappex. Transfer, Graduation and Retention Rates First Year Student Retention (full-time students): 86  percent4-Year Graduation Rate: 70 percent6-Year Graduation Rate: 73  percent Intercollegiate Athletic Programs Mens Sports:  Lacrosse, Soccer, Rowing, Baseball, Basketball, Swimming, TennisWomens Sports:  Volleyball, Swimming, Soccer, Tennis, Softball, Rowing, Basketball, Lacrosse, Field Hockey Washington College and the Common Application Washington College uses the  Common Application. These articles can help guide you: Common Application essay tips and samplesShort answer tips and samplesSupplemental essay tips and samples If You Like Washington College, You May Also Like These Schools University of Delaware: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphTowson University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphGoucher College: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphAmerican University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphDrexel University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphTemple University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphHood College: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphBoston University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphJohns Hopkins University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphStevenson University: Profile  Georgetown University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphUrsinus College: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT Graph Washington College Mission Statement mission statement from washcoll.edu/about/our-mission.php Washington College challenges and inspires emerging citizen leaders to discover lives of purpose and passion. Data Source: National Center for Educational Statistics

Changes and trends in management function, relationship between human Essay

Changes and trends in management function, relationship between human resource and line managers areas where line managers make - Essay Example This means that they direct the work and ensure high employee productivity in their areas of work but do not carry out administrative duties for the employees. These administrative duties include discipline, promotions, demotions, and salary administration among others. The line manager is charged with the responsibility of meeting corporate objectives in his or her field. In the recent past, however, other aspects like risk management, Human resource function and finance have crossed into the line management. Research shows that the human resources in an organisation contribute to almost eighty percent of the organisation’s net value. This means that if human resource is not managed properly, the organisation can undergo a great loss. It is, therefore up to the Human Resource Department to bring out the best in all workers and thus leading to the realization of the set organisational goals. As such, the management of Human resource has recently become every manager’s j ob. This means that the main functions of the HR Department are increasingly being devolved to other Managers, and this is where the relationship between the line manager and the HR department becomes crucial. ... (Handy 1999) The functions of the HR department will include Manpower planning, Job analysis and description, Determination of wages and salaries, the recruitment and selection method for performance appraisals, training and development, Employee welfare and motivation, employee grievances among others. These functions are interrelate the HR function in that they require the participation and feedback from the line managers. The role of the line managers include: 1. Managing the daily running of the line 2. Managing the operational costs of his area of production 3. Providing technical expertise 4. Organising the allocation of work and duties 5. Monitoring the work process 6. Checking and ensuring quality production 7. Dealing with customers and clients 8. Measuring operational performance of the line More recently, these functions have been widened to include: 1. Providing coaching for employees 2. Performance appraisals 3. Handling discipline and employee grievances 4. Participatio n of the line managers in the recruitment and selection function From the fore-mentioned responsibilities, it is evident that the HR department relies so much on the line managers to get things done and get a follow up on the set policy. It is as if the HR department formulates the policies and the line managers implement them. This makes the HR department appear like a ‘big Brother† to the line managers refusing them to do their work properly. Emerging trends and changes in the HR function Training and Internships Norbert (1967) notes that not all employees who go through the recruitment process successfully are best placed to produce quality work in the

Advanced Management Accounting - Total Quality Management (TQM) Assignment

Advanced Management Accounting - Total Quality Management (TQM) - Assignment Example tion dynamics, provide an insight into the advantages that can be enacted through its integration, the possible drawbacks of T.Q.M and the considerations that need to be taken into account in case of its implementation, and finally, providing recommendations about its application with context to Spearhead Ltd. Reduced profits and shrinking in the network has brought about realization towards implementing quality system. T.Q.M being the front runner amongst quality systems has been suggested for implementation. T.Q.M is acronym for Total Quality management. As the name would imply, it pertains to quality management. Further dissection of the meaning would provide an insight into the nature and domain of operational capacity it entails. It refers to integrating quality mechanism in the every discipline and every domain of the organizational structure (MUKHERJEE, 2006, p. 393). Since Spearhead Ltd is faced with financial sink age, the addressing of different areas is required. T.Q.M would enable this. The low productivity in the financial sector impacts the clients’ satisfaction as well as the overall mood of the organization. Citing this, T.Q.M will enable undertaking a strategy that would enable overcoming the financial constraints. The domains of T.Q.M are not just limited to particular processes; rather it takes into account the working methods of the employees. The behaviour of the employees towards goals accomplishment along with the aptitude towards accomplishment of the goals and targets set forth. The focus of attention is the activities and the items used within as well. The use of the right of tools and techniques towards the accomplishment of tasks also entails the domain and consideration within a T.Q.M integrated system. Spearhead Ltd must look into the areas where wastes are high in percentage .The wastes are defined as those items, products and activities that do not add any value to the organizational activity or overall output. They in turn

The Extraction And Purification Of Paracetamol Essay

The Extraction And Purification Of Paracetamol Essay Analysing the Quantity and Purity of Paracetamol Present in Different Formulations of the Commercial Medicine Aim The aim of this investigation was to determine the percentage by mass of pure paracetamol in formulations of branded paracetamol in 500mg tablets. Two techniques were used so as to determine this: -Extraction and purification of tablets by filtration and recrystallisation. -Hydrolysis of the drug under reflux followed by titration against ammonium cerium sulphate. In addition to this, the purity of the paracetamol was investigated by determination of melting point of the respective brands of paracetamol. Findings Using the extraction and purification procedure it was found that Tesco had the greatest percentage by mass of the active ingredient, paracetamol, at 46.8%. Morrisons tablet percentage by mass was 44.6% while Superdrug had a percentage by mass of 37.8%. Using the reflux and titration procedure it was found that Superdrug had the greatest percentage by mass of the active ingredient, paracetamol at 20.0%. The Tesco percentage by mass was 19.6% while Morissons was 18.5%. The melting point procedure concluded that all three crude samples had similar purity of paracetamol with melting point at 156oC. The melting point of the Morrisons recrystallised paracetamol was 168oC, Superdrug had a melting point of 165oC while Tesco had a melting point of 164oC. This shows that Morrisons had the highest purity of pure paracetamol followed by Superdrug and then Tesco. Underlying ChemistryHistory and Uses Paracetamol (C8H9NO2) (or acetaminophen) is the most common over the counter painkiller in the world. It was discovered in 1852 by Charles Fredric Gerhardt who later went on to discover aspirin. The drug is so popular due to the few side effects it has on the body and does not irritate the stomach like other commonly used drugs such as aspirin. The structure is as shown: Paracetamol is used for relief of headaches, fever, menstrual pain, back pain, toothache and other general pain; however it is ineffective against muscle pain as it possesses no anti-inflammatory properties. Non-opioid analgesics work by inhibiting an enzyme known as cyclooxygenase (COX). COX is a catalyst for the conversion of a fatty acid contained in cell walls—arachidonic acid—to substances known as prostaglandins. (tuftsjournal.tufts.edu.) Prostaglandins have many functions including the induction of pain. By reducing the production of prostaglandins the pain is relieved. Paracetamol does not affect the cause of the pain but rather combats the biochemical pathway which results in the feeling of pain. Prostaglandins also affect the hypothalamus in the brain, the centre which is responsible for the maintenance of our bodies internal environment despite changes to the external environment, i.e. homeostasis. The prostaglandins cause the body to raise its temperature, and hence by taking paracetamol the body temperature is lowered. Paracetamol is therefore classed as antipyretic as it lowers the body temperature. Due to these properties the drug is commonly used to combat flu and cold symptoms. The range of pain combatted by paracetamol alongside the fact that it has very few side effects has resulted in it being the most commonly used painkiller. Paracetamol is also popular because of the rate at which pain subsides from its use due to the rapid uptake in the body. Absorption: Rapidly and almost completely absorbed from the G.I. tract. Peak plasma concentrations are reached in 10-60 minutes.(labmed.yale.edu) Methodology Two techniques were used in the determination of the mass of active ingredient present in the tablets. The first was the extraction and purification of paracetamol from tablets. The second was an acid catalysed hydrolysis under reflux followed by titrations against ammonium cerium sulphate. The use of the melting point allowed the purity of the paracetamol to be determined. The extraction and purification of paracetamol This procedure extracted paracetamol from the tablets by crystallisation. The paracetamol tablets were crushed and dissolved in propanone at a raised temperature; this decreased the time required for the paracetamol to dissolve. The binding agents and fillers in the tablet are insoluble in propanone however the paracetamol is soluble. This results in the paracetamol forming a solution in the propanone while the other components of the tablet are left as insoluble residue. The solution was filtered to remove the residue. The filtrate was left to evaporate forming crystals of paracetamol. These crystals were then dissolved in hot water and then filtered through cotton wool to remove any binding agents left. This filtrate was left in the fridge and shards of paracetamol formed. This relies on the fact that paracetamol has a high solubility in hot water but a low one in cold water. This allows shards of paracetamol to form. The soluble impurities are only present to the level of a few percent and so never reach their limit of solubility and thus stay in solution. (Ellis, 2002) The pure recrystallised paracetamol was then dried and its mass measured. The percentage by mass was then calculated. Reflux and titrations This procedure required the paracetamol to be boiled under reflux for one hour with sulphuric acid. This acid catalysed hydrolysis broke down the paracetamol (an amide) into an amine (4-aminophenol) and a carboxylic acid (ethanoic acid.) The raised temperature was used so as thermally accelerate the reaction. The reaction is shown below: (Overall reaction) This reaction mechanism may be found in the appendix. The use of reflux apparatus ensured that the reaction vessel never boiled dry. This is because any vapour formed from heating in the reaction vessel was turned back into a liquid by condensation. The benefit of using a heating mantle was that it ensured that a constant temperature, heating the round bottomed flask over a greater surface area. This procedure produced 4-aminophenol. This has a hydroxyl group on carbon 1 and an amine group on the carbon 1. Since the nitrogen is attached to only one carbon it is a primary amine. The 4-aminophenol can then be oxidised using ammonium cerium sulphate, involving the loss of hydrogen from the 4-aminophenol using ferroin as an indicator. This produced iminoquinone. Only after all the 4-aminophenol has been oxidised will the cerium (IV) reagent oxidise the ferroin indicator from Fe2+ to Fe3+ (ferriin). (Ellis, 2002) This resulted in the colour change from red to yellow, as the red ferroin is oxidised to ferriin which is blue. This is shown in the diagram below When mixed with the ammonium cerium sulphate this produced a yellow colour which indicated the end point of the titration. A titration was also carried out without the test material being present and the difference between the values with the test species present and absent accounted for the mass of paracetamol present. The difference in volumes of titre required for the colour change is directly proportional to the mass of paracetamol present in the tablet (0.007560g per 1cm3 equivalent titre.) Melting Point By measuring the melting points of the given formulations, the purity of the paracetamol was able to be determined. Melting point apparatus worked by heating the species in a capillary tube which itself was inserted into a heating block. By looking through a lens at the species, the moment at which the species melted could be seen and then at this moment the reading on the thermometer could be viewed. When a substance is heated, there is an increase in entropy as the species is thermally excited. If enough energy is put into the substance, it results in a change of state, in this case solid to liquid. The three brands of paracetamol melting points were measured for the tablet, the crude and the recrystallised samples. Pure paracetamol is a white crystalline solid which melts at 169-171oC. (Ellis 2002). The impurities in the samples lower the melting points. The sample which was closest to the given melting point represents the purest sample of paracetamol. Procedures The Extraction and Purification of Paracetamol Please note this experiment was carried out twice for each brand and an average taken. This was then duplicated so as to improve the reliability. (This is shown in results as the replicate.) Paracetamol was extracted from three brands of paracetamol; Morrisons, Superdrug and Tesco. These procedures represent the procedure used for each brand. Two tablets were weighed using a balance (accurate to 2 D.P.) then crushed using a mortar and pestle. The ground tablets were placed in a beaker. 50cm3 of propanone was measured using a pipette. The propanone was used to rinse the mortar and pestle before adding it to the beaker. The beaker was left on a brisk stir at a low heat until the tablet was dissolved as far as possible. The insoluble material was the binding agents and fillers. Initially 20cm3 of propanone was used however it was found that the tablets did not dissolve fully. A Buchner Funnel was set up as shown (see left.) The insoluble material (binding agents and fillers) collects in the filter paper. The filtrate (propanone and paracetamol) is collected in the filtering flask. A little propanone was run through the filter paper so as to create a seal between the filter paper and the base as shown on the above diagram. This prevented the insoluble material from passing through the holes in the funnel. The content of the beaker was passed through the funnel and a little propanone was used to rinse the beaker. The filtrate was left in an evaporating basin overnight in an oven. This formed crude paracetamol crystals. The mass of the crystals was taken. The crystals were placed in a beaker and 20cm3 of hot water was added. The beaker was heated on a brisk stir until the paracetamol had dissolved. This was passed through a warmed wet piece of cotton wool in a warmed glass funnel. This was to prevent the paracetamol from recrystallising in the cotton during filtration. The filtrate was passed directly into a basin. The basin was placed in the fridge overnight to cool and to allow the crystals to form. These crystals were white. The recrystallised paracetamol in water was passed through a piece of fluted filter paper to collect the crystals. (Initially the paracetamol was filtered out of the water using a sintered glass crucible however this produced a lower yield as crystals were lost when using this technique. See table 22.) The filter paper and crystals were placed in an oven at room temperature overnight to allow the crystals to dry. These crystals were white. The dry mass of the crystals was measured. This procedure was replicated for each brand of paracetamol. Reflux and titrations Please note that this procedure was carried out once for each brand of paracetamol. This was then duplicated so as to improve the reliability. (This is shown in the results as the replicate.) The first stage of this procedure involved the acid hydrolysis of paracetamol: 15cm3 of 2 molar solution of sulphuric acid and 25cm3 of water were measured using a pipette and placed in a 100ml round bottomed flask. To this 0.30g of crushed (using mortar and pestle) paracetamol tablet was added, having measured the paracetamol using a balance (accurate to 2 D.P.) This was swirled and warmed until the tablet was dissolved. This was then boiled under reflux for one hour in a heating mantle as shown below: The paracetamol and sulphuric acid were placed nn the round bottomed flask. The solution turned from colourless to a light golden colour. The solution was cooled and 100cm3 of water was added. 20cm3 of the resulting solution was pipetted into a conical flask with 15cm3 of 2 molar Hydrochloric acid, 40cm3 of water and precisely 8 drops of ferroin indicator. This was then titrated against 0.1 molar solution of ammonium cerium sulphate until colour changed from a pink/peach colour to a cloudy yellow colour. (The colour change was not very obvious during this procedure. Therefore previous titration colours were kept beside the species to try to standardize the colour at which the end point of the titration was determined.) The titrations were repeated until two results were within 0.1cm3 of each other i.e. until two concordant results were obtained. The apparatus is as shown overleaf: The burette was filled with the yellow ammonium cerium sulphate solution and the conical flask contained the paracetamol acid mixture. This procedure was also repeated without the test material present. Melting Point During this procedure, the melting points of the recrystallised, crude and unaltered tablet forms of paracetamol were investigated. The sample of species was crushed into a powder using a mortar and pestle. Capillary tubes (1mm diameter, 10cm long) were sealed at one end using a Bunsen burner. This provided a place to hold the paracetamol when using the melting point apparatus. The capillary tube was placed turned open-side-down and pressed onto the paracetamol formulations. Then the closed end of the capillary tubes was gently tapped on the table to allow the paracetamol to fall to the closed end. This was then placed open-side-up into the metal heating block alongside a thermometer. The temperature was slowly increased using the thermostat on the melting point apparatus while the paracetamol was viewed through the magnifying glass on the apparatus. The point at which the paracetamol melted was then recorded. Results Initial Extraction and purification The crystals of the crude and recrystallised paracetamol were both white. The crude crystals were prismatic shaped while the recrystallised paracetamol formed long shards. Table 1 shows the mass of crude paracetamol from each tablet: Table 1 Brand Mass (g) Sample 1 Sample 2 Average Tesco 0.94 1.00 0.97 Morrisons 1.01 1.00 1.01 Superdrug 0.97 0.92 0.95 Table 2 shows the mass of recrystallised paracetamol from each tablet: Table 2 Brand Mass (g) Sample 1 Sample 2 Average Tesco 0.58 0.49 0.54 Morrisons 0.44 0.49 0.47 Superdrug 0.36 0.48 0.42 Table 3 shows the percentage by mass of crude paracetamol compared to the mass of two tablets (1.10g): Table 3 Brand Percentage of Crude Paracetamol (%) Tesco 88.2 Morrisons 91.8 Superdrug 86.4 (Calculations may be found in the appendix) Table 4 shows the mass of recrystallised paracetamol compared to the respective mass of two tablets (1.10g): Table 4 Brand Percentage of pure Paracetamol (%) Tesco 49.1 Morrisons 42.7 Superdrug 38.2 (Calculations may be found in the appendix) Reflux and titrations Table 5 shows the volume of Ammonium Cerium sulphate required for the colour change from red to yellow to occur without the test species present (paracetamol): Table 5 Titration Initial Titre (cm3) Final Titre (cm3) Volume of ammonium cerium (IV) sulphate needed for the colour change (cm3) Rough 0.0 0.5 0.5 First 0.5 1.0 0.5 Second 1.0 1.5 0.5 Average Titre = (0.5+0.5)/2 = 0.5cm3 Table 6 shows the volume of Ammonium Cerium sulphate required for the colour change from red to yellow to occur using Tesco paracetamol: Table 6 Titration Initial Titre (cm3) Final Titre (cm3) Volume of ammonium cerium (IV) sulphate needed for the colour change (cm3) Rough 0.0 8.6 8.6 First 8.6 15.8 7.2 Second 15.8 23.1 7.3 Average volume = (7.2+7.3)/2 = 7.25cm3 Amended titre = 7.25-0.5 = 6.75cm3 As 1 cm3 of ammonium cerium (IV) sulphate = 0.007560g of Paracetamol 6.75 x 0.007560 = 0.05103g So, if 0.3g of tablet 0.05103g of pure Paracetamol Then, 0.55g of tablet 0.093555g of pure Paracetamol Percentage by mass (0.093555/0.55) x 100 =17.0% Table 7 shows the volume of Ammonium Cerium sulphate required for the colour change from red to yellow to occur using Morrisons paracetamol: Table 7 Titration Initial Titre (cm3) Final Titre (cm3) Volume of ammonium cerium (IV) sulphate needed for the colour change (cm3) Rough 0.0 7.4 7.4 First 7.4 14.4 7.0 Second 14.4 21.5 7.1 Average volume = (7.0+7.1)/2 = 7.05cm3 Amended titre = 7.05-0.5 = 6.55cm3 As 1 cm3 of ammonium cerium (IV) sulphate = 0.007560g of Paracetamol 6.55 x 0.007560 = 0.049518g So, if 0.3g of tablet 0.049518g of pure Paracetamol Then, 0.55g of tablet 0.090783g of pure Paracetamol Percentage by mass (0.090783/0.55) x 100 =16.5% Table 8 shows the volume of Ammonium Cerium sulphate required for the colour change from red to yellow to occur using Superdrug paracetamol: Table 8 Titration Initial Titre (cm3) Final Titre (cm3) Volume of ammonium cerium (IV) sulphate needed for the colour change (cm3) Rough 0.0 9.7 9.7 First 9.7 18.6 8.9 Second 18.8 27.8 9.0 Average volume = (8.9+9.0)/2 = 8.95cm3 Amended titre = 8.95-0.5 = 8.45cm3 As 1 cm3 of ammonium cerium (IV) sulphate = 0.007560g of Paracetamol 8.45 x 0.007560 = 0.063882g So, if 0.3g of tablet 0.063882g of pure Paracetamol Then, 0.55g of tablet 0.117117g of pure Paracetamol Percentage by mass (0.117117/0.55) x 100 =21.3% Table 9 shows the melting points of the paracetamol: Table 9 Brand Melting Point (0C) Tablet Sample Crude Sample Recrystallised Sample Tesco 140 155 163 Morrisons 145 157 167 Superdrug 139 159 164 Replicate Extraction and purification The crystals of the crude and recrystallised paracetamol were both white. The crude crystals were prismatic shaped while the recrystallised paracetamol formed long shards. Table 10 shows the mass of crude paracetamol from each tablet: Table 10 Brand Mass (g) Sample 1 Sample 2 Average Tesco 1.00 0.98 0.99 Morrisons 1.00 1.04 1.02 Superdrug 1.01 0.97 0.99 Table 11 shows the mass of recrystallised paracetamol from each tablet: Table 11 Brand Mass (g) Sample 1 Sample 2 Average Tesco 0.51 0.46 0.49 Morrisons 0.53 0.49 0.51 Superdrug 0.40 0.42 0.41 Table 12 shows the percentage by mass of crude paracetamol compared to the mass of two tablets (1.10g) Table 12 Brand Percentage of crude Paracetamol (%) Tesco 90.0 Morrisons 92.7 Superdrug 90.0 (Calculations may be found in the appendix) Table 13 shows the mass of recrystallised paracetamol compared to the mass of two tablets (1.10g): Table 13 Brand Percentage of pure Paracetamol (%) Tesco 44.5 Morrisons 46.4 Superdrug 37.3 (Calculations may be found in the appendix) Reflux and titrations Table 14 shows the volume of Ammonium Cerium sulphate required for the colour change from red to yellow to occur without the test species present (paracetamol): Table 14 Titration Initial Titre (cm3) Final Titre (cm3) Volume of ammonium cerium (IV) sulphate needed for the colour change (cm3) Rough 0.0 0.5 0.5 First 0.5 1.1 0.6 Second 1.1 1.6 0.5 Average volume = (0.5+0.6)/2 = 0.55 cm3 Table 15 shows the volume of Ammonium Cerium sulphate required for the colour change from red to yellow to occur using Tesco paracetamol: Table 15 Titration Initial Titre (cm3) Final Titre (cm3) Volume of ammonium cerium (IV) sulphate needed for the colour change (cm3) Rough 0.0 10.6 10.6 First 10.6 20.0 9.4 Second 20.0 29.3 9.3 Average volume = (9.3+9.4)/2 = 9.35cm3 Amended titre = 9.35-0.55 = 8.8cm3 As 1 cm3 of ammonium cerium (IV) sulphate = 0.007560g of Paracetamol 8.8 x 0.007560 = 0.066528g So, if 0.3g of tablet 0.066528g of pure Paracetamol Then, 0.55g of tablet 0.121968g of pure Paracetamol Percentage by mass (0.121968/0.55) x 100 =22.2% Table 16 shows the volume of Ammonium Cerium sulphate required for the colour change from red to yellow to occur using Morrisons paracetamol: Table 16 Titration Initial Titre (cm3) Final Titre (cm3) Volume of ammonium cerium (IV) sulphate needed for the colour change (cm3) Rough 21.5 30.5 9.0 First 30.5 39.5 9.0 Second 39.5 47.6 8.1 Third 0.00 8.6 8.6 Fourth 8.6 17.3 8.7 Average volume = (8.7+8.6)/2 = 8.65cm3 Amended titre = 8.65-0.55 = 8.1cm3 As 1 cm3 of ammonium cerium (IV) sulphate = 0.007560g of Paracetamol 8.1 x 0.007560 = 0.061236g So, if 0.3g of tablet 0.061236g of pure Paracetamol Then, 0.55g of tablet 0.112266g of pure Paracetamol Percentage by mass (0.112266/0.55) x 100 =20.4% Table 17 shows the volume of Ammonium Cerium sulphate required for the colour change from red to yellow to occur using Superdrug paracetamol: Table 17 Titration Initial Titre (cm3) Final Titre (cm3) Volume of ammonium cerium (IV) sulphate needed for the colour change (cm3) Rough 0.0 8.3 8.3 First 8.3 16.2 7.9 Second 16.2 24.2 8.0 Average volume = (7.9+8.0)/2 = 7.95cm3 Amended titre = 7.95-0.55 = 7.4cm3 As 1 cm3 of ammonium cerium (IV) sulphate = 0.007560g of Paracetamol 7.4 x 0.007560 = 0.055944g So, if 0.3g of tablet 0.055944g of pure Paracetamol Then, 0.55g of tablet 0.102564g of pure Paracetamol Percentage by mass (0.102564/0.55) x 100 =18.6% Table 18 shows the melting points of the paracetamol: Table 18 Brand Melting Point (0C) Tablet Sample Crude Sample Recrystallised Sample Tesco 143 156 165 Morrisons 144 155 168 Superdrug 141 153 166 Averages of Initial and replicate Table 19 shows percentage by mass of recrystallised paracetamol: Table 19 Percentage by mass% Brand Initial Replicate Average Tesco 49.1 44.5 46.8 Morrrisons 42.7 46.4 44.6 Superdrug 38.2 37.3 37.8 Table 20 shows percentage by mass of pure paracetamol determined from reflux and titrations: Table 20 Percentage by mass % Brand Initial Replicate Average Tesco 17.0 22.2 19.6 Morrisons 16.5 20.4 18.5 Superdrug 21.3 18.6 20.0 Table 21 shows the melting point of paracetamol of crude and recrystallised paracetamol: Table 21 Melting point (oC) Crude Recrystallised Brand Initial Replicate Average Initial Replicate Average Tesco 155 156 156 163 165 164 Morrisons 157 155 156 167 168 168 Superdrug 159 153 156 164 166 165 Table 22 shows the results using a sintered glass crucible rather than filter paper during the filtration of Tesco recrystallised paracetamol: Table 22 Sample 1 Sample 2 Mass of crystals (g) 0.31 0.12 Conclusions The aim of this investigation was to determine the percentage by mass of pure paracetamol in formulations of branded paracetamol in 500mg tablets. Two techniques were employed so as to determine this: -Extraction and purification of tablets by filtration and recrystallisation. -Hydrolysis of the drug under reflux followed by titration against ammonium cerium sulphate. In addition to this, the purity of the paracetamol was investigated by determination of melting point of the respective brands of paracetamol. The results of these procedures are discussed below. Extraction and purification Using this procedure it was found that Tesco had the greatest percentage by mass of the active ingredient, paracetamol, at 46.8%. Morrisons tablet percentage by mass was 44.6% while Superdrug had a percentage by mass of 37.8%. Reflux and Titrations Using this procedure it was found that Superdrug had the greatest percentage by mass of the active ingredient, paracetamol at 20.0%. The Tesco percentage by mass was 19.6% while Morissons was 18.5%. Results were different for each respective brand of paracetamol and different between the two procedures. Melting Point The melting points of the crude paracetamol were all 156oC thus showing that all formulations of crude paracetamol had similar purity, and hence the first crystallization of the paracetamol was carried out very accurately. The melting point of the Morrisons recrystallised paracetamol was 168oC which compared well with the given melting point of 169-171oC. Superdrug had a melting point of 165oC while Tesco had a melting point of 164oc. This shows that Morrisons had the highest purity of pure paracetamol followed by Superdrug and then Tesco. Evaluation Evaluation of procedures Control of variables During the filtration and recrystallising process two tablets were used in each sample and two samples were taken. This, alongside the duplication of results, gives 8 tablets which were used in the determination using this method and an average taken. This increased the reliability of the results. During the procedures the same balances, burettes, flasks and pipettes were used so as to reduce the effects of error in these measurements. When titrations were carried out, a rough titration was initially done so as to determine the equivalence point. This was followed by accurate titrations. When two concurrent values were within 0.1cm3, an average was taken between these two values. The average was used to determine the mass of pure paracetamol greatly increasing the reliability of the results. Since the end point of the titration was not very obvious, previous titrations were kept aside so as to standardise the intensity of yellow in the solution, so that all titrations had the same end point colour. This increased the reliability of the titrations. All equipment used was cleaned using propanone to prevent chemicals from previous experiments contaminating this investigation. In addition to this the burettes and pipettes were rinsed with the solutions, before being filled with the same solution to prevent contamination. When using the balance, as far as possible, it was placed away from draughts and windows so as to prevent the wind causing error in the weighing of substances. Where possible, all reaction vessels and weighing receptacles were rinsed using a little of the liquid which would be used. This increased the yield of results, preventing the reactants being lost in the process. Modifications Initially, when dissolving the paracetamol in propanone, the tablet was not crushed however it took an inordinate time for the tablet to dissolve; by the time it had dissolved most of the propanone had evaporated The volume of propanone was increased from 20cm3 to 50cm3 because more paracetamol dissolved. This allowed a greater percentage of the paracetamol to be extracted from the tablets. Consequentially it took longer for the crude paracetamol crystals to form. Initially a sintered glass crucible was used to filter the recrystallised paracetamol. This resulted in the paracetamol being lost, so filter paper was fluted and used instead. This resulted in a greater mass of recrystallised paracetamol being collected. When the paracetamol was being added to sulphuric acid, initially it was unheated and just swirled, however not all the paracetamol dissolved and hence, the sulphuric acid was warmed with the paracetamol to dissolve the crushed tablet before being boiled under reflux. When using the ammonium cerium (IV) sulphate, it was found that if left for any length of time greater than one hour the solute came out of solution, therefore, before pouring the solution into the burette, it was stirred vigorously using a magnetic stirrer to ensure the same concentration of solution was used in every titration. Because of this, the burette was only set up immediately before use. Evaluation of results Both procedures resulted in significantly lower percentages than the mass of paracetamol in each tablet as stated on the box. The expected percentage by mass was expected to be 90.9%. This is calculated as shown: Mass of tablet – 0.55g Mass of paracetamol (on box) 0.50g (0.5/0.55) x 100 = 90.9% Generally the replicate compared well with the initial experiment, with a maximum difference of 4.6% by mass for the first procedure. For the second procedure there was a maximum difference of 5.2% by mass. This can be put down to errors in the equipment and human errors when carrying out procedures. The fact that both procedures indicated different formulations contained the most paracetamol, may be due to the fact that often paracetamol was taken from different blister packs, and hence from different batches, which may contain different masses of paracetamol. However human errors and errors in equipment are more likely to be to blame. It can also be broadly sai

Persuading on Genetically Modified Food Essay

The article called Genetically Modified Foods, has a style that is use to grab an audience emotion while still putting some facts. Right away in the first paragraph you will find ethos. Per Pinstrup-Anderson plays a key role in the article, he is the H.E. Babcock Professor of Food, Nutrition and Public Policy at Cornell University. Giving Per Pinstrup-Anderson a creditability, and having the audience attention. This is the only time in the article when ethos is being used to help their argument. In the next two paragraphs, Pathos and logos are used. It shows some facts as well as getting into the audience emotion. The way this was done was by talking about helping farmers in developing countries produce more food, making it more affordable to buy food, as well as not harming the environment. It goes on to say, â€Å"Many millions of people do not have access to sufficient calories and many more suffer from micronutrient deficiencies†. Another quote is, â€Å"which avoided mass starvation and helped millions out of poverty and hunger†. Notice they never gave an exact statistic on how many people are suffering from poverty and hunger, letting the audience see that it is so many people affected, and not just a specific number. It gives it more of a feel then would be given an exact number. In the next paragraph it goes back to logos, in the paragraph it is said science is the answer to fixing the hunger. It describes action that must be taken an order to be able to start helping starving people, as well as how will science help farming, like drought tolerance, mitigation of negative climate change, and pest resistance in crops. Those are just a few of what the paragraph claims to be able to do with a little investment for the technology. The way this paragraph is phrase is by letting the audiences see the processes that have to be done in order for an action to start. That way the audiences may start to have an opinion. At the end of this article it starts to talk about how long test must be done, and how the longer we wait the more expensive food will be as well as leaving millions to die. This passage is using pathos for its persuasiveness. It’s getting the audience that deep emotion of people waiting and starving. It goes on to say that anti-science ideology and the failure of the government brought the food crisis in the first place. This paragraph points a finger to show they are right, as well as preceding to say we have to change if something is not working. In the second article of, â€Å"The Failure of Gene-Altered Crops†, Vandana Shiva is presented as the ethos in this paragraph; she is the founder of Navdanya in India which is the movement of seed keepers and organic farmers. She written many books on how genetically modified foods are failing and how they will affect us. This grabs the audience attention because she’s a strong believer on organic substance. In the next paragraph it says we need biodiversity intensification that can work with nature instead of going against it, it doesn’t give a specific details as to why. The only argument made was when Doug Gurian-Sherman of the union of concerned scientist published a studied, â€Å"Failure to Yield†. In the study it is closely evaluated on the genetically modified for 20 years to see if they would increase yield or to just see better progress. In the end it showed that the experiment failed to increase yields as well as it failed to engineer crops to be insect-resistant nor herbicide tolerance. In this paragraph it was use ethos and logos. Ethos was Doug Gurian-Sherman and his research study, â€Å"Failure to Yield†. Logos was the bits of facts that came from Doug Gurian-Sherman research study. In the next to paragraph, it is shown by the International Assessment of Agricultural Science and Technology for Development [IAASTD] has concluded that genetic engineering did not seem very promising in the future. IAASTD found that the small farms that based on agri-ecology would produce much more food. This paragraph had also ethos, being IAASTD. As for the logos was what IAASTD found in the 4 years on figuring out what genetic engineering could hold in the future. The article makes a lot of tactics with logos and ethos to reach the audience, giving a great amount of facts from other credited people. The next three paragraphs have ethos as well as logos. In the passages, the book, â€Å"Soil, Not Oil† is brought as an example to give that industrial monocultures are more vulnerable to climate changes since the soil kept in organic plants help keep moisture making them less likely to die in draughts. In the next passage it is brought up the false statement by genetic engineering industry that it’s only possible to respond to climate change with modified food. Vandana Shiva made a statement on crops evolved to be better resilient to climate, as well Vandana has helped create seeds for drought resistance, and flood resistance as well as salt tolerance. This give the audience the idea that genetically modified food isn’t always needed when nature can just evolve. The last two passages gets more in depth on how genetically modified food and organically produced food will take us in the future. The passage give the audience a since of the future that genetic engineer for modified food is a waste a time, it does not give a sense of food security in the future and it will cause small farmers to go dept. As for Vandana Shiva Navdanya, it is a conserving biodiversity that tries to not be wasteful in water at the same time make much more food per acre. The best article that is persuasive is the second article, â€Å"The Failure of Gene-Altered Crops. The first article was very persuasive, but it never made it secure enough to make it believable that it close to happening. It produce more emotion then logic tactics, making it very hard to determine whether it is a dream that the nation wishes to reach or something that could be accomplish for the future. Great syntax on making it very emotional with pathos, but argument stance it would be weak. The first article could have been stronger if it talked about other countries that are already doing genetically modified foods. Korea has been doing genetically modified food for years, about 20 countries including the European Union, Japan, Australia and New Zealand have already a labeling system for genetically modified foods, (Hae-Yeong Kim 132). Another good point would be to bring up Matin Qaim, â€Å"Vitamin A deficiency is a serious nutritional problem, causing multiple adverse health outcomes. Simulations for India show that Golden Rice could reduce related health problems significantly, preventing up to 40,000 child deaths every year.(552) In India Bt cotton has reduce some poverty and actually help small famers, now some in China and South Africa, Bt cotton are a first-generation of genetically modified technology. As for the second argument, many ethos and logos were presented. One being Doug Gurian-Sherman published study on how genetic industries isn’t really going anywhere, it has great facts, it was a 4 year study so it showed what was being done in long term. A lot of facts on how genetic industry is failing on making modified food was claimed, but not many on how it could do more harm as well as it would bankrupt some small farmers for even trying to use modified seeds. The plant evolving had a great way point in Gebre Egziabher, Tewolde B( The Use of Genetically Modified Crops in Agriculture and Food Production, and Their Impacts on the Environment – A Developing World Perspective) â€Å"Scientists believe that species evolved from a common ancestor through competition and natural selection. They also believe that changes in genes occur in all species owing to mutation, with the probability of mutation of each gene remaining constant under the same environment†. (11) Giving this quote would remind the audience that life has a way of fixing itself and just because the technology is here does not give scientist right to use a different approach but instead try harder to help organic farming when it has been secure food source. Cite American Medical Assoc. Gebre Egziabher T. The Use of Genetically Modified Crops in Agriculture and Food Production, and Their Impacts on the Environment – A Developing World Perspective. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica: Section B, Soil & Plant Science [serial online]. December 2, 2003;53:8-12. Available from: Science & Technology Collection, Ipswich, MA. Accessed April 27, 2012. American Medical Assoc. Hae-Yeong K, Jae-Hwan K, Mi-Hwa O. Regulation and detection methods for genetically modified foods in Korea. Pure & Applied Chemistry [serial online]. January 2010;82(1):129-137. Available from: Science & Technology Collection, Ipswich, MA. Accessed April 27, 2012. American Medical Assoc. Qaim M. Benefits of genetically modified crops for the poor: household income, nutrition, and health. New Biotechnology [serial online]. November 30, 2010;27(5):552-557. Available from: Science & Technology Collection, Ipswich, MA. Accessed April 27, 2012.

Bleaching Away the Beauty of Coral Reefs - 2340 Words

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The loss will open up space, reduce the intensity of herbivory and, therefore, lead to colonization of the reef benthos by late-successional frondose algae. A dominance of frondose algae lowers benthic production and increases covers of the less palatable algae. The result is the reduced abundance of fish diversity (Rosenberg 165). These three effects all impact the biodiversity that thrives among reefs. It is very important to protect the reefs from dangers. In 1998, there were some experiments conducted to test these three ideas to see which one is the biggest factor is the problems with fish and fisheries. An increase in surgeonfish which supports the increased organic production idea. There was also a loss of damselfish, butterflyfish, and wrasse which supports the loss of fish hypothesis. The decrease in damselfish numbers in fished reefs exhibited both positively and negatively to increased algae. The bleaching phenomena can be used as a sentinel for the environment. 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Scrambling for Africa: AIDS, Expertise, and the Rise of American Global Health Science HIV is the virus that causes Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, commonly known as AIDS. HIV/AIDS has become one of the most destructive global pandemics in history. In 1990, the World Health Organization estimated that over one million people were living with AIDS, and in less than ten years, HIV had exploded worldwide (Perlin Cohen). Johanna Tayloe Crane, a medical anthropologist, dedicated her career to studying the way political and economic inequalities influence how HIV/AIDS is researched and treated for in Africa. Crane complied over ten years of ethnographic research to study a HIV research partnership between a US university and Ugandan universities and clinics. 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